​'Compared to other medical interventions, the quality of evidence for efficacy of homoeopathy
​​was similar or higher than for 90% of interventions across medicine.' 
Hamre et al. Efficacy of homoeopathic treatment: Systematic review of meta-analyses of randomised placebo-controlled homoeopathy trials for any indication. Syst Rev. 2023 Oct.  PMID: 37805577

​Homeopathy is hotly debated, often used, and can significantly improve quality of life(1;2;3)
utilizing natural substances i.e., minerals, and plants passed through the pharmaceutical procedure of potentization.(4)
Public health regulation framing the practice and use of homeopathic medicine in New Zealand is legally supported
under The Medicines Act (1981), and in Australia by the Therapeutic Goods Act (1989). 

​A homeopathic medicine, when prescribed by a competent homeopath, has potential to act upon the mental, emotional and physical aspects of a person and result in simultaneous healing.

According to the homeopathic model the primary cause of disease is an imbalanced biofield1 2 - the complex organizing energy engaged in homeodynamics.3 4

The electroencephalogram (EEG), electrocardiogram (ECG) and electromyogram (EMG) all measure aspects of the biofield.5 6

Use of EEG to detect treatment effects of homeopathy (across all frequency bands (δ, θ, α, and ß)7 has been demonstrated in fibromyalgia,8 insomnia,9 and environmental chemical intolerance.10

1Teixeira MZ. Telomere and Telomerase: Biological Markers of Organic Vital Force State and Homeopathic Treatment Effectiveness. Homeopathy. 2021 doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1726008
2 Vithoulkas, G. 2024 International Academy of Classical Homeopathy. Homeopathy article from the Encyclopedia Papyros-Larousse-Britannica.
3 Lloyd D, Aon MA, Cortassa S. Why homeodynamics, not homeostasis? ScientificWorldJournal. 2001 Apr 4;1:133-45. doi: 10.1100/tsw.2001.20
4 Rubik B, Muehsam D, Hammerschlag R, Jain S. Biofield Science and Healing: History, Terminology, and Concepts. Glob Adv Health Med. 2015 Nov;4(Suppl):8-14. doi: 10.7453/gahmj.2015.038.suppl.
5 Rowold J, Hewson PD. 2020. Biofield Frequency Bands-Definitions and Group Differences. Glob Adv Health Med doi.org/10.1177/2164956120982568
Hammerschlag R, Levin M, McCraty R, Bat N, Ives JA, Lutgendorf SK, Oschman JL. Biofield Physiology: A Framework for an Emerging Discipline. Glob Adv Health Med. 2015 Nov;4(Suppl):35-41. doi: 10.7453/gahmj.2015.015.suppl.
6 Muehsam D, Chevalier G, Barsotti T, Gurfein BT. An Overview of Biofield Devices. Glob Adv Health Med. 2015 Nov;4(Suppl):42-51. doi: 10.7453/gahmj.2015.022.
7 Bell IR, Howerter A, Jackson N, Brooks AJ, Schwartz GE. Multiweek resting EEG cordance change patterns from repeated olfactory activation with two constitutionally salient homeopathic remedies in healthy young adults. J Altern Complement Med. 2012 May;18(5):445-53. doi.org/10.1089/acm.2011.0931
8 Bell et al., 2004. EEG alpha sensitization in individualized homeopathic treatment of fibromyalgia. Int J Neurosci. Sep;114(9):1195-220. doi.org/10.1080/00207450490475724
9 Bell et al., 2012. Nonlinear dynamical systems effects of homeopathic remedies on multiscale entropy and correlation dimension of slow wave sleep EEG in young adults with histories of coffee-induced insomnia. Homeopathy. Jul;101(3):182-92. doi.org/10.1016/j.homp.2012.05.007
10 Bell et al., 2013. Acute electroencephalographic effects from repeated olfactory administration of homeopathic remedies in individuals with self-reported chemical sensitivity. Altern Ther Health Med. Jan-Feb;19(1):46-57 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23341426/

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Beyond Avogadro's number (<1023), homeopathic medicines were once considered inactive but biological activity and properties of the initial source material are retained(5-9), hormetic activation observed(10), and distinct promotion of B-cell activity has been shown in infection control(11;12), with Th1 enhancement via homeopathic medicine thought to enable more efficient inflammatory response(13;14). Anti-pathogenic effects against E. coli have been observed(15). The common but now outdated placebo hypothesis can also be countered by paediatric and veterinary meta-analysis(16;17), and anecdotal observations(18).​

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The popularity of homeopathy in New Zealand runs contrary to its controversy(19). Complementary medicine (CM) is prevalent and considered effective with 80% of GP’s referring to CM practitioners, 25% of GP’s practicing CM(20,21), and the majority of midwives recommending homeopathy(19;22). Many healthcare professionals regard CM as supportive of conventional therapy, and are aware of the cultural importance of holistic health & wellbeing services, but, as elsewhere, increased investment in CM research, education, and regulation is required(20). 

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In Australia where almost eleven million people access CM*(23)  just 0.14% of the national medical research budget was allocated to CM research in 2012(24) despite some of the highest rates of CM utilization in the developed world(25).

​The Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Information Paper on homeopathy published in 2015 (commonly referred to as the Australian Review) concluded that there are no health conditions for which there is reliable evidence that homeopathy is effective. But in 2019, after untold damage to homeopathy worldwide, the CEO stated that 'contrary to some claims the review did not conclude that homeopathy was ineffective.'(26). 

​​Containing numerous instances of serious procedural and scientific misconduct, the Australian Review was the NHMRC’s second attempt... Interestingly, the first Review of 2012 which found encouraging evidence for the effectiveness of homeopathy in five medical conditions remained undisclosed until its existence was uncovered in 2019, when the resultant and sustained international outcry ensured its release(27).

The NHMRC Australian Review stakeholder complaint(28) lodged with the Commonwealth Ombudsman in 2016 was concluded in 2023. 

The Ombudsman’s Office publicly announced on 4 August 2023: 
“Despite our best efforts, it was not possible to engage an expert (or experts) to provide independent advice to our Office on this subject.
In the absence of independent, expert scientific expertise we have not been able to conclusively determine those matters of scientific methodology.”
​
Rachel Roberts, Chief Executive of HRI, stated:
“The use of unprecedented and flawed scientific methods by NHMRC is at the very heart of this case.
It is therefore extremely disappointing that the Ombudsman could not find any scientific experts, sufficiently free from bias – either for or against homeopathy – who were willing to take on the role of judging the validity of the methods used by NHMRC.
Since the NHMRC report on homeopathy has been widely quoted, it is profoundly regrettable that, despite a seven-year investigation, the scientific misconduct case against NHMRC remains unanswered.”(29)

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​References
1. Witt CM, Lüdtke R, Mengler N, Willich SN. 2008. How healthy are chronically ill patients after eight years of homeopathic treatment?--Results from a long term observational study. BMC Public Health [online]. Dec 17;8:413. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2630323/ 
2. Bell IR, Lewis DA 2nd, Brooks AJ, Schwartz GE, Lewis SE, Walsh BT, Baldwin CM. 2004. Improved clinical status in fibromyalgia patients treated with individualized homeopathic remedies versus placebo. Rheumatology (Oxford) [online]. May;43(5):577-82. Available from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14734789/
3. Frass M, Lechleitner P, Gründling C, Pirker C, Grasmuk-Siegl E, Domayer J, Hochmair M, Gaertner K, Duscheck C, Muchitsch I, Marosi C, Schumacher M, Zöchbauer-Müller S, Manchanda RK, Schrott A, Burghuber O. 2020. Homeopathic Treatment as an Add-On Therapy May Improve QOL and Prolong Survival in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Prospective, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Three-Arm, Multicenter Study. Oncologist [online]. Dec;25(12):e1930-e1955. Available from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33010094/
4. Văcăraș V, Nistor C, Rahovan I, Văcăraş C, Vithoulkas G. 2020. Myasthenia gravis therapy with individualized homeopathy: A case report. Clinical Case Reports [online]. Jul 29;8(12):2464-2468. Available from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33363760/
5. Kokornaczyk MO, Würtenberger S, Baumgartner S. 2020. Impact of succussion on pharmaceutical preparations analyzed by means of patterns from evaporated droplets. Scientific Reports. Jan 17;10(1):570. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31953459/ 
6. Rajendran, E. 2017. Homeopathy a material science: Nanoparticle characterization of Aurum metallicum 6C, 30C, 200C, 1000C, 10000C, 50000C and 100000C. International Journal of Current Research. 9,48923–48927. Available from: http://www.journalcra.com/article/homeopathy-material-science-nanoparticle-characterization-aurummetallicum-6c-30c-200c-1000c 
7. Chikramane PS, Suresh AK, Bellare JR, Kane SG. 2010. Extreme homeopathic dilutions retain starting materials: A nanoparticulate perspective. Homeopathy [online]. Oct;99(4):231-42. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20970092/
8. Tournier, A. Roberts, R. 2015. Chemical dyes can detect presence of homeopathic high dilutions. Homeopathy Research Institute [online]. 30; 1-2. Available from: https://www.hri-research.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/HRI_ResearchArticle_30_TournierRoberts_2015_SolvatochromicDyes1.pdf.
9. Kalliantas D, Kallianta M, Kordatos K, Karagianni CS. 2021. Micro-nano particulate compositions of Hypericum perforatum L in ultra high diluted succussed solution medicinal products. Heliyon [online]. Apr 19;7(4):e06604. Available from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844021007076
10. Chikramane PS, Suresh AK, Kane SG, Bellare JR. 2017. Metal nanoparticle induced hormetic activation: a novel mechanism of homeopathic medicines. Homeopathy [online]. Aug;106(3):135-144. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28844286/ 
11. Rodrigues de Santana F, de Paula Coelho C, Cardoso TN, Perez Hurtado EC, Roberti Benites N, Dalastra Laurenti M, Villano Bonamin L. 2014. Modulation of inflammation response to murine cutaneous Leishmaniasis by homeopathic medicines: Antimonium crudum 30cH. Homeopathy [online]. Oct;103(4):264-74. Available from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25439043/
12. de Santana FR, Dalboni LC, Nascimento KF, Konno FT, Alvares-Saraiva AM, Correia MSF, Bomfim MDC, Casarin RCV, Perez EC, Lallo MA, Peres GB, Laurenti MD, Benites NR, Buchi DF, Bonamin LV. 2017. High dilutions of antimony modulate cytokines production and macrophage - Leishmania (L.) amazonensis interaction in vitro. Cytokine [online]. Apr;92:33-47. Available from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28092793/
13. Cajueiro APB, Goma EP, Dos Santos HAM, Almeida Rodrigues I, Toma HK, Araújo SM, Bonamin LV, Gomes NBN, Castelo-Branco MTL, de Souza Dias EP, Dos Santos Pyrrho A, Holandino C. 2017. Homeopathic medicines cause Th1 predominance and induce spleen and megakaryocytes changes in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania infantum. Cytokine [online]. Jul;95:97-101. Available from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28254560/
14. Mahesh S, Kozymenko T, Kolomiiets N, Vithoulkas G. 2020 (b). Antimonium crudum in pediatric skin conditions: A classical homeopathic case series. Clinical Case Reports [online]. 16;9(2):818-824. Available from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33598251/ 
15. Buchheim-Schmidt S, Peters U, Duysburgh C, Van den Abbeele P, Marzorati M, Keller T, Martin D, Klement P, Baumgartner S. 2021. In vitro evaluation of the anti-pathogenic activity of Okoubaka aubrevillei on the human gastrointestinal tract. Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie [online]. May;59(5):423-437. English. Available from https://europepmc.org/article/med/33979845
16. Jacobs J, Jonas WB, Jiménez-Pérez M, Crothers D. 2003. Homeopathy for childhood diarrhea: combined results and meta-analysis from three randomized, controlled clinical trials. Paediatric Infectious Diseases Journal [online]. 
Mar;22(3):229-34. Available from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12634583/
​17. Mathie RT, Clausen J. 2015. Veterinary homeopathy: meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials. Homeopathy [online]. Jan;104(1):3-8. Epub 2014 Dec 17. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25576265/
18. Dew K, Clark-Grill M. (2022) Routes into the homeopathic profession: Witnessing, gender and subaltern therapeutics. Sociology of Health and Illness [online]. Jan;44(1):99-112. Epub 2021 Nov 24. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1467-9566.13401
19. Cottingham P, Adams J, Vempati R, Dunn J, Sibbritt. 2017. The characteristics, experiences and perceptions of homeopaths in New Zealand: results from a national survey of practitioners. Homeopathy [online]. Feb;106(1):11-17. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28325218/
20. Liu, L., Tang, Y., Baxter, G. D., Yin, H., & Tumilty, S. (2021). Complementary and alternative medicine - practice, attitudes, and knowledge among healthcare professionals in New Zealand: an integrative review. BMC complementary medicine and therapies [online]. 21(1), 63. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7882070/
​21. Upsdell M, Jaye C. 2011. Engaging with complementary and alternative medicine in general practice. Journal of Primary Health Care [online]. Mar 1;3(1):29-34. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21359258/
22. Harding, D. Foureur, M. 2009. New Zealand and Canadian midwives’ use of complementary medicine. Journal of the New Zealand College of Midwives 40, 7-12. Auckland, New Zealand. 
​23. Steel, A., McIntyre, E., Harnett, J., Foley, H., Adams, J., Sibbritt, D., Wardle, J., & Frawley, J. 2018. Complementary medicine use in the Australian population: Results of a nationally-representative cross-sectional survey. Scientific reports [online]. 8 (1), 17325. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6251890/
24. Australian Homeopathic Association. 2017. The National Health & Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and Research Integrity. Hobart [online]. Available from http://www.nhmrchomeopathy.com/
25. Andrews G, Adams J, Segrott J, Lui C. 2012. The Profile of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Users and Reasons for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use. In: Adams J, Andrews G, Barnes J, Magin P, Broom A, editors. Traditional, Complementary and Integrative Medicine: An International Reader. London: Palgrave Macmillan; 2012. Available from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259742121_The_profile_of_complementary_and_alternative_medicine_users_and_reasons_for_complementary_and_alternative_mediicne_use
26. https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/attachments/CEO-statement-signed.pdf 
27. Homeopathy Research Institute. 2021. The Australian Report. Kensington, London [online]. Available from https://www.hri-research.org/resources/homeopathy-the-debate/the-australian-report-on-homeopathy
28. Australian Homeopathic Association. 2017. Executive Summary - Commonwealth Ombudsman Complaint. Hobart [online]. Available from http://www.nhmrchomeopathy.com/ombudsman-exec-summary.html
​29. https://www.hri-research.org/2023/08/hri-statement-on-closure-of-commonwealth-ombudsman-investigation/
​* Steel et al. (2018) found prevalence of any CM use to be 63.1%. The 2016 Australian population was 23.4 million, with 17.3 million (74.2%) aged over 20 years (30).
30. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2020. 2016 Census Quickstats. Canberra [online]. Available from: https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/UCL513003